Synergistic Removal of Hazardous Dyes Using a Clay/Carbon Composite Derived from Spent Bleaching Earth: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Industrial wastewater contains complex pollutants, including toxic dyes, necessitating effective and sustainable remediation strategies. Conventional treatment methods often struggle to remove multiple dyes simultaneously, underscoring the need for innovative adsorbents. This study investigated a clay/carbon composite (SBE/C (500 ◦C)) derived from spent bleaching earth (SBE) via pyrolysis for the simultaneous removal of methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) dyes. The pyrolysis process significantly enhanced the specific surface area of SBE, improving its adsorption capacity. Using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM), we optimized key parameters (pH, contact time, and dosage) at 45 ◦C and an initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L. The developed quadratic model demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with experimental results closely aligning with predictions (R2 = 0.9983 for MB, 0.9955 for MG), along with strong adjusted (R2 = 0.9962 for MB, 0.9896 for MG) and predicted (R2 = 0.9811 for MB, 0.9275 for MG) values. Under optimal conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities reached 27.77 mg/g for MB and 27.38 mg/g for MG. These findings highlight the potential of SBE/C (500 ◦C) as a sustainable and cost-effective adsorbent for the simultaneous removal of MB and MG from wastewater, offering a promising solution for environmental remediation.